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Mood reactivity4/30/2023 Epidemiological data suggest that hormonal transition periods across the female lifespan, such as puberty, pregnancy and postpartum, and the perimenopause, are windows of heightened risk to develop depression, comprising a possible reproductive subtype of depression. A better understanding of how HC-use influences mood may have a critical impact on translational psychiatry, considering that women are approximately twice as likely as men to develop depression and ovarian hormonal fluctuations have been associated with depression susceptibility and prevalence in women. With the emerging field of reproductive neuroscience, scientists are beginning to investigate the neural effects of HC-use in humans. Given that side effects such as depressive symptoms are typically reported as the main reason for discontinuing HC-use and the relative scarcity of neuroimaging studies currently published in this area, additional research efforts to shed light on the neuropsychological side effects of HCs are warranted. ![]() Thus, while substantial research has been dedicated to the physiological consequences of HC-use, such as cardiovascular risk, few studies have investigated the effects of HCs on mood and behavior. Although this suggests that HC-use is beneficial for many women, there is a subset of women who suffer severe mood-related side effects. HCs provide an effective option for contraception and safe family planning as well as for managing cycle-related physiological symptoms (e.g., ovulation pain, acne, hirsutism). With currently more than 100 million users worldwide, hormonal contraceptives (HCs) represent one of the most influential discoveries of the twentieth century.
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